PRISMA 2020 流程图

关于 PRISMA 流程图

PRISMA 2020 流程图(Page MJ 等,BMJ 2021;372:n71)是每篇发表于 BMJ、Lancet、JAMA、Cochrane、JBI 及 200 余种期刊的系统综述、元分析和范围综述中的必备图表。它是一张固定的、单一的四行图表——检索(Identification)→ 筛选(Screening)→ 资格评估(Eligibility)→ 纳入(Included)——每个方框内均需填写记录数,并在右侧配有平行的"排除"侧框。

从概念上看,它属于流程图,但其布局、强制要求的 n = 字段以及双通道变体均有明确规定。Schematex 将 prisma 作为独立的专用引擎提供,作者只需填写计数和排除原因,图表便自动符合规范——不可能遗漏计数或打乱阶段顺序。规范文档:28-PRISMA-STANDARD.md

流程图(flowchart)的区别:通用流程图不具备强制阶段、记录数、排除侧框或双通道合并的概念。凡是 PRISMA 综述流程图,请使用 prisma

prisma·§
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Effect of exercise on chronic low-back pain — SR PRISMA 2020 flow diagram (2020-single, systematic-review) — 7 boxes, 6 arrows Effect of exercise on chronic low-back pain — SR Identification Screening Included Identification of studies via databases and registers Records identified from: PubMed (n = 600) Embase (n = 450) Cochrane (n = 184) Web of Science (n = 184) Total (n = 1,418) Records removed before screening Duplicate records removed (n = 318) Records screened n = 1,100 Records excluded n = 870 irrelevant title (n = 750) non-English (n = 120) Reports assessed for eligibility n = 230 Reports excluded, with reasons: n = 195 wrong population (n = 80) wrong intervention (n = 60) wrong outcome (n = 55) Studies included in review Studies included (n = 35) Reports of included studies (n = 38)
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1. 第一张图

最简形式是四个阶段块。计数是必填项;若缺少总数,解析器将拒绝渲染。

prisma

identification:
  databases:
    n: 1000

screening:
  records-screened: 900
  excluded:
    n: 600

eligibility:
  full-text-assessed: 300
  excluded:
    n: 250

included:
  studies: 50

缩进有语义含义——每层两个空格,与 genogram 和 SLD 相同。第一个非空行必须是 prisma。注释使用 #//


2. 元信息行

顶层的 key: value 行,写在阶段块之前:

prisma
mode: 2020-single
kind: systematic-review
title: My review
validate-counts: warn
默认值含义
mode2020-single · 2020-dual · 20092020-single单列或双列("其他方法")模式。
kindsystematic-review · scoping-review · ipd · nmasystematic-review切换阶段词汇(见第 6 节)。
title字符串渲染在图表上方。
validate-countswarn · strict · offwarn数据核验(见第 7 节)。
directionTB / TDTBPRISMA 按规范为纵向;横向会被拒绝。

3. 检索(Identification)

identification: 块包含一个 databases: 子块(始终存在)和一个可选的 other: 子块(双通道模式)。

identification:
  databases:
    n: 1418
    sources: PubMed=600, Embase=450, Cochrane=184
    duplicates-removed: 318
    ineligible-automation: 0
    other-removed: 0
  • n: — 检索到的记录总数(必填)。
  • sources:名称=数量 键值对,逗号分隔。渲染为缩进的明细。含空格或标点的名称可加引号:"Web of Science"=184
  • duplicates-removed:ineligible-automation:other-removed: — 可选的移除数量。若存在任意一项,则在右列渲染单独的**"筛选前移除记录"**框,并通过水平箭头连接。

大数字可使用逗号:n: 1,418 等同于 n: 1418


4. 筛选(Screening)与资格评估(Eligibility)

两个阶段均包含主计数和 excluded: 块。排除块有自己的 n: 和可选的 reasons: 明细。

screening:
  records-screened: 1100
  excluded:
    n: 870
    reasons: irrelevant title=750, non-English=120
  reports-sought: 226        # 可选
  reports-not-retrieved: 12  # 可选

eligibility:
  full-text-assessed: 230
  excluded:
    n: 195
    reasons: wrong population=80, wrong intervention=60, wrong outcome=55

reasons:名称=数量 键值对。若列出超过 8 项,渲染器会按降序排序并将末尾项合并为 Other (n = …),以保持侧框可读性。


5. 纳入(Included)

included:
  studies: 35
  reports: 38          # 一项研究可能产生多篇报告
  participants: 28741  # 仅 PRISMA-IPD 使用

studies: 为必填项。reports:participants: 为可选的额外计数行。


6. 双通道与综述类型

双通道——PRISMA 2020 更新增加了第二个"其他方法检索"列(引文追溯、手工检索、专家推荐)。添加 other: 块后,两列通过 Y 形合并汇入筛选阶段。

prisma
mode: 2020-dual

identification:
  databases:
    n: 1234
    duplicates-removed: 254
  other:
    n: 56
    sources: citation-search=30, hand-search=20, expert-recommendation=6

screening:
  records-screened: 1036
  excluded:
    n: 810

eligibility:
  full-text-assessed: 226
  excluded:
    n: 195

included:
  studies: 31

范围综述——kind: scoping-review 按 Tricco 等 2018 年的规范将"studies"替换为"sources of evidence"并重新标注各阶段,不改变图形结构。

更新综述——可选的 previous-studies: 块在顶部绘制一个虚线框,汇入检索阶段:

previous-studies:
  n: 19
  sources: previous review=19

7. 计数算术核验

使用 validate-counts: warn(默认值)时,引擎会检查各阶段计数是否对齐——例如 databases.n + other.n − duplicates-removed = records-screened,以及来源/原因的明细是否与总计相符。不匹配时会在图表下方渲染一条小警告(同时写入 SVG 的 <desc> 供屏幕阅读器使用)。

validate-counts: strict 会将不匹配转为解析错误,并附带"相差 N"的提示信息。off 则跳过所有核验。


8. 语法(EBNF)

prisma-document  = "prisma", { meta-line }, stage-block, { stage-block } ;
meta-line        = ("mode:" | "kind:" | "title:" | "review-id:" | "validate-counts:" | "direction:") value ;

stage-block      = previous-block | identification-block | screening-block | eligibility-block | included-block ;

previous-block       = "previous-studies:" , indent, "n:" int, [ "reports:" int ], { "sources:" pairs } ;
identification-block = "identification:" , indent,
                         "databases:" , indent, "n:" int, { "sources:" pairs },
                           [ "duplicates-removed:" int ], [ "ineligible-automation:" int ], [ "other-removed:" int ],
                         [ "other:" , indent, "n:" int, { "sources:" pairs } ] ;
screening-block      = "screening:" , indent, "records-screened:" int,
                         "excluded:" , indent, "n:" int, { "reasons:" pairs },
                         [ "reports-sought:" int ], [ "reports-not-retrieved:" int ] ;
eligibility-block    = "eligibility:" , indent, "full-text-assessed:" int,
                         "excluded:" , indent, "n:" int, { "reasons:" pairs } ;
included-block       = "included:" , indent, "studies:" int, [ "reports:" int ], [ "participants:" int ] ;

pairs            = pair, { "," pair } ;
pair             = (string | quoted) "=" int ;
int              = digit, { digit | "," } ;     (* 逗号会被去掉:1,234 == 1234 *)

每层缩进两个空格。阶段块内的未知键会触发解析错误,确保每个阶段定义明确。


9. 规范合规性

遵循 PRISMA 2020 声明(Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM 等。The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71)及 PRISMA2020 R 包(Haddaway 等,2022)的参考渲染惯例。范围综述词汇遵循 PRISMA-ScR(Tricco 等,2018);参与者计数遵循 PRISMA-IPD(Stewart 等,2015)。模板:prisma-statement.org/prisma-2020-flow-diagram


相关示例

来自示例库的即用场景:

prisma·§ PRISMA 2020 (Page et al., BMJ 2021;372:n71)
Effect of exercise on chronic low-back pain — SR PRISMA 2020 flow diagram (2020-single, systematic-review) — 7 boxes, 6 arrows Effect of exercise on chronic low-back pain — SR Identification Screening Included Identification of studies via databases and registers Records identified from: PubMed (n = 600) Embase (n = 450) Cochrane (n = 184) Web of Science (n = 184) Total (n = 1,418) Records removed before screening Duplicate records removed (n = 318) Records screened n = 1,100 Records excluded n = 870 irrelevant title (n = 750) non-English (n = 120) Reports assessed for eligibility n = 230 Reports excluded, with reasons: n = 195 wrong population (n = 80) wrong intervention (n = 60) wrong outcome (n = 55) Studies included in review Studies included (n = 35) Reports of included studies (n = 38)
PRISMA 2020 systematic review (single pipeline)
Canonical PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for a systematic review using the dedicated prisma engine — records identified across four databases, deduplicated, screened, assessed for eligibility, and included, with exclusion side-boxes and mandatory n = counts.
healthcare & social
prisma·§ PRISMA 2020 (Page et al., BMJ 2021;372:n71)
Effect of yoga on chronic back pain — SR PRISMA 2020 flow diagram (2020-dual, systematic-review) — 8 boxes, 7 arrows Effect of yoga on chronic back pain — SR Identification Screening Included Identification of studies via databases and registers Identification of studies via other methods Records identified from: PubMed (n = 600) Embase (n = 450) Cochrane (n = 184) Total (n = 1,234) Records removed before screening Duplicate records removed (n = 254) Identification of studies via other methods citation-search (n = 30) hand-search (n = 20) expert-recommendation (n = 6) Total (n = 56) Records screened n = 1,036 Reports sought for retrieval n = 226 Reports not retrieved (n = 12) Records excluded n = 810 duplicate (n = 120) irrelevant title (n = 560) non-English (n = 130) Reports assessed for eligibility n = 214 Reports excluded, with reasons: n = 191 wrong population (n = 80) wrong intervention (n = 60) wrong outcome (n = 51) Studies included in review Studies included (n = 23) Reports of included studies (n = 25)
PRISMA 2020 dual pipeline (databases + other methods)
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram in dual-pipeline mode — identification via databases and registers plus a second column for other methods (citation searching, hand searches, expert recommendations), merged into screening via a Y-junction.
healthcare & social

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